TURKEY

For Turkey, one of the Catching-up countries, innovation performance is well below the EU27 average and the rate of improvement is more than three times that of the EU27. Relative strengths, compared to the country’s average performance, are in Finance and support, Innovators and Economic effects and relative weaknesses are in Human resources, Firm investments and Throughputs.

Over the past 5 years, Human resources, Finance and support, Firm investments and  Throughputs have been the main drivers of the improvement in innovation performance, in particular as a result from strong growth in S&E and SSH graduates (17.2%), Life-long learning (13.1%), Private credit (17.3%), Business R&D expenditures (28.5%) and EPO patents (15.0%). Performance in the other dimensions has increased at a lower pace.