Introduction
The European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) covers the 27 EU Member States1, Croatia and Turkey, the associate countries Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, as well as the US and Japan. The indicators of the EIS summarise the main elements of innovation performance.
In 2005, the EIS has been revised in collaboration with the Joint Research Centre (JRC)2. The number of categories of indicators was increased from four to five and the set of innovation indicators was modified and increased to 26. The EIS 2005 Methodology Report (MR) (available on the Trend Chart website3) describes and explains all changes in full detail. The EIS 2006 almost fully adopts the 2005 methodology with the exception of the following three changes:
- Removal of the indicator measuring the share of university R&D expenditures financed by the business sector;
- The indicator on public R&D expenditures is now defined as the sum of government R&D expenditures (or GOVERD) and university R&D expenditures (or HERD) only;
- The EIS 2005 indicator on the share of SMEs using non-technological change had to be changed into the share of SMEs using organisational innovation following the improvement of the survey questions on non-technological change from the third Community Innovation Survey (CIS3) to the fourth Community Innovation Survey (CIS4).
The innovation indicators are assigned to five dimensions and grouped in two main themes: inputs and outputs. Innovation inputs include three dimensions:
- Innovation drivers (5 indicators), which measure the structural conditions required for innovation potential;
- Knowledge creation (4 indicators), which measure the investments in R&D activities, considered as key elements for a successful knowledge-based economy;
- Innovation & entrepreneurship (6 indicators), which measure the efforts towards innovation at firm level.
Innovation outputs include two dimensions:
- Applications (5 indicators), which measure the performance, expressed in terms of labour and business activities, and their value added in innovative sectors;
- Intellectual property (5 indicators), which measure the achieved results in terms of successful know-how.
Table 14 shows the 5 main categories, the 25 indicators, and the primary data sources for each indicator5.
Table 1: EIS 2006 Indicators
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INPUT – INNOVATION DRIVERS
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1.1
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S&E graduates per 1000 population aged 20-29
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Eurostat
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1.2
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Population with tertiary education per 100 population aged 25-64
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Eurostat, OECD
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1.3
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Broadband penetration rate (number of broadband lines per 100 population)
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Eurostat
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1.4
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Participation in life-long learning per 100 population aged 25-64
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Eurostat
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1.5
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Youth education attainment level (% of population aged 20-24 having completed at least upper secondary education)
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Eurostat
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INPUT – KNOWLEDGE CREATION
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2.1
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Public R&D expenditures (% of GDP)
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Eurostat, OECD
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2.2
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Business R&D expenditures (% of GDP)
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Eurostat, OECD
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2.3
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Share of medium-high-tech and high-tech R&D (% of manufacturing R&D expenditures)
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Eurostat, OECD
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2.4
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Share of enterprises receiving public funding for innovation
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Eurostat (CIS4)
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INPUT – INNOVATION & ENTREPRENEURSHIP
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3.1
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SMEs innovating in-house (% of all SMEs)
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Eurostat (CIS3)6
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3.2
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Innovative SMEs co-operating with others (% of all SMEs)
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Eurostat (CIS4)
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3.3
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Innovation expenditures (% of total turnover)
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Eurostat (CIS4)
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3.4
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Early-stage venture capital (% of GDP)
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Eurostat
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3.5
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ICT expenditures (% of GDP)
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Eurostat
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3.6
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SMEs using organisational innovation (% of all SMEs)
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Eurostat (CIS4)
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OUTPUT – APPLICATIONS
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4.1
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Employment in high-tech services (% of total workforce)
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Eurostat
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4.2
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Exports of high technology products as a share of total exports
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Eurostat
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4.3
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Sales of new-to-market products (% of total turnover)
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Eurostat (CIS4)
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4.4
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Sales of new-to-firm products (% of total turnover)
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Eurostat (CIS4)
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4.5
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Employment in medium-high and high-tech manufacturing (% of total workforce)
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Eurostat
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OUTPUT – INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
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5.1
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EPO patents per million population
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Eurostat
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5.2
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USPTO patents per million population
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Eurostat, OECD
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5.3
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Triadic patent families per million population
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Eurostat, OECD
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5.4
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New community trademarks per million population
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OHIM7
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5.5
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New community designs per million population
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OHIM7
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1 Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU on 1 January 2007. However, the EU25 mean is used throughout this report to reflect average EU performance as all of the underlying statistical analyses were performed in 2006 when only EU25 mean data was available from Eurostat and other data sources.
2 Joint Research Centre (JRC), Unit of Econometrics and Statistical Support to Antifraud (ESAF) of the Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC).
4 Annex C gives full definitions for all indicators and also provides brief explanations why each indicator was included.
5 National data sources were used for several indicators where Eurostat or OECD data were not available. In particular, the statistical offices from Malta and Switzerland provided valuable support.
6 CIS4 data for the indicator on the share of SMEs innovating in-house were not available in the data released by Eurostat (NewCronos website).
7 Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs).
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